Marjolin ulcer: the importance of early diagnosis and excision / Úlcera de Marjolin: a importância do diagnóstico e excisão precoces

Introduction: Marjolin's ulcer is a rare disease characterized by the malignancy of chronic wounds that present healing disorders, often due to chronic irritation and repetitive trauma in this area. The diagnosis is made mainly through clinical history and histopathological examination. The differential diagnoses of other diseases that course with ulcers must always be researched and ruled out. Method: The present work presents a bibliographic review to elucidate the subject's relevance for medical students, physicians and nurses, to assist in early diagnosis. Results: Nine observational studies were selected to compose the discussion. Conclusion: The most effective treatment for this condition is surgery, and lymph node dissection is suggested in some cases. Chemotherapy has not shown satisfactory results, while radiotherapy is used in selected cases. Given the rapid evolution, tissue damage, and worse prognosis, diagnosis, and excision should be performed early for a better clinical outcome.

Introdução: A úlcera de Marjolin é uma doença rara, caracterizada pela malignização de feridas crônicas que apresentaram distúrbios cicatriciais, muitas vezes devido à irritação crônica e a traumas repetitivos nesta área. O diagnóstico é realizado sobretudo através da história clínica e de exame histopatológico. Os diagnósticos diferenciais de outras doenças que cursam com úlceras devem sempre ser pesquisados e afastados. Método: O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica, a fim de elucidar a relevância do tema para acadêmicos de medicina, médicos e enfermeiros, com o propósito de auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce. Resultados: Foram selecionados 9 estudos observacionais para compor a discussão. Conclusão: O tratamento mais eficaz desta condição é o cirúrgico, e o esvaziamento linfonodal é sugerido em alguns casos. A quimioterapia não demonstrou resultados satisfatórios, enquanto a radioterapia é utilizada em casos selecionados. O diagnóstico e a excisão devem ser feitos precocemente para melhor desfecho clínico, visto a rapidez da evolução, o prejuízo tecidual e pior prognóstico.

The role of echocardiographic screening in reducing the burden of rheumatic heart disease in Latin America / El papel del tamizaje ecocardiográfico en la reducción de la carga de la cardiopatía reumática en América Latina / O papel da triagem ecocardiográfica na redução da carga de doença cardíaca reumática na América Latina

ABSTRACT The objectives of this article are to reflect on the rationale behind the use of echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease and to provide key recommendations about steps needed to implement and improve echocardiographic screening programs in Latin America. Rheumatic heart disease remains a public health problem affecting mainly low-income and lower-middle-income countries and populations. Latin America is an area with economic inequalities, and the epidemiology of rheumatic heart disease remains largely unknown. Echocardiographic screening is useful for updating the epidemiology and providing early diagnosis of the disease. We discuss different approaches used in successful echocardiographic screening programs worldwide and in Latin America. We then identify the key elements needed to establish successful echocardiographic screening programs in Latin America, including increased awareness and involvement from multiple sectors (e.g. the community, health care professionals, scientific organizations and public health entities), identification of areas in need, development of a plan and structure that include different screening approaches, and how to ensure appropriate follow up for those who screen positive.

RESUMEN Los objetivos de este artículo son reflexionar sobre los fundamentos que justifican el uso del tamizaje ecocardiográfico para detectar la cardiopatía reumática y ofrecer algunas recomendaciones importantes sobre los pasos que habría que dar para poner en marcha programas de tamizaje ecocardiográfico y mejorar los existentes en América Latina. La cardiopatía reumática sigue siendo un problema de salud pública que afecta principalmente a países y grupos poblacionales de ingresos bajos y medianos bajos. América Latina es una región de grandes desigualdades económicas y las características epidemiológicas de la cardiopatía reumática siguen siendo desconocidas en gran medida. El tamizaje ecocardiográfico resulta útil para actualizar los datos epidemiológicos y posibilitar un diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad. En este artículo se analizan los diferentes enfoques empleados en algunos programas de tamizaje ecocardiográfico eficaces de distintas partes del mundo, incluida América Latina. A continuación se determinan los elementos clave necesarios para establecer programas eficaces de tamizaje ecocardiográfico en América Latina, incluida una mayor concientización y participación de diversos sectores (p. ej., la comunidad, los profesionales de salud, las organizaciones científicas y las entidades de salud pública), la identificación de las zonas más necesitadas, la elaboración de un plan y una estructura que incluyan diferentes abordajes del tamizaje, y el modo de garantizar un seguimiento adecuado de aquellas personas con un resultado positivo en el tamizaje.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste artigo são oferecer observações sobre a fundamentação do uso da triagem ecocardiográfica para doença cardíaca reumática e fornecer recomendações importantes sobre as etapas necessárias para implementar e melhorar os programas de triagem ecocardiográfica na América Latina. A doença cardíaca reumática continua sendo um problema de saúde pública que afeta principalmente países e populações de renda baixa e média-baixa. A América Latina é uma área com desigualdades econômicas, e a epidemiologia da doença cardíaca reumática continua amplamente desconhecida. A triagem ecocardiográfica serve para atualizar a epidemiologia e proporcionar o diagnóstico precoce da doença. Examinamos as diferentes abordagens usadas em programas de triagem ecocardiográfica bem-sucedidos em todo o mundo e na América Latina. Em seguida, identificamos os principais elementos necessários para estabelecer programas de triagem ecocardiográfica com sucesso na América Latina. Tais programas incluiriam maior conscientização e envolvimento de vários setores (por exemplo, a comunidade, profissionais de saúde, organizações científicas e entidades de saúde pública), identificação de áreas carentes, desenvolvimento de um plano e estrutura abrangendo diferentes abordagens de triagem e formas de garantir o seguimento adequado de pessoas com resultado positivo na triagem.

Doença de Alzheimer: um estudo de caso sobre o transtorno neurocognitivo que mais afeta idosos / Alzheimer's disease: a case study involving the most prevalent neurocognitive disorder in older people

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a evolução clínica de um paciente acometido pela Doença de Alzheimer (DA) e discutir as repercussões de um diagnóstico precoce. Método Estudo de caso instrumental do tipo qualitativo e de caráter descritivo que se desenvolveu em três etapas: 1) seleção e delimitação do caso; 2) coleta dos dados em campo; e 3) organização e redação do relatório. Este estudo baseia-se na análise da evolução clínica descrita em prontuário de um paciente com diagnóstico de DA, atendido e acompanhado pelo Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS), por um período de 10 anos, na região do Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe. Resultados Estudo realizado com a paciente M.R., sexo feminino, 71 anos, casada e do lar, com ensino fundamental incompleto, portadora de DA e hipotireoidismo, a qual iniciou seu acompanhamento no CAPS II em 10 de setembro de 2012. Paciente submetida ao Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM), tendo como resultado no primeiro teste 14 pontos, abaixo do ponto de corte para o nível de escolaridade da paciente. Posteriormente, em 2018, registraram-se 10 pontos no MEEM, e em 2020 possuiu pontuação igual a 11, já em tratamento medicamentoso para DA: Memantina 10mg 2x/dia e Donepezila 5mg 1x/dia. Conclusão O diagnóstico precoce da DA é de extrema importância para tratamento adequado a fim de retardar a progressão da doença. No entanto, afecções mentais, tal como a depressão, constituem-se como barreiras na análise clínica inicial dos pacientes e ainda em certos casos apresenta-se como pródromo para a DA.

Abstract Objective To analyze the clinical evolution of a patient affected by Alzheimer's disease and discuss the repercussions of an early diagnosis. Method Instrumental case study of qualitative and descriptive type that was developed in three stages: 1) selection and delimitation of the case; 2) collection of data in the field; and 3) organization and writing of the report. This study is based on the analysis of the clinical evolution described in the medical records of a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, treated and followed-up by the Center for Psychosocial Care (CAPS), for a period of 10 years, in the Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe region. Results This study was conducted with the patient M.R., female, 71 years old, married, housewife, with incomplete elementary education, carrier of AD and hypothyroidism, who started her follow-up at CAPS II on September 10, 2012. Patient submitted to the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), with a result of 14 points in the first test, below the cut-off point for the patient's level of education. Later, in 2018, she scored 10 points on the MMSE, and in 2020 she scored 11, already under medication treatment for AD: memantine 10mg 2x/day and donepezilla 5mg 1x/day. Conclusion Early diagnosis of AD is extremely important for appropriate treatment to slow the progression of the disease. However, mental disorders such as depression are barriers in the initial clinical analysis of patients and in some cases presents itself as a prodrome for AD.

Barreras y facilitadores relacionados con el diagnóstico de la lepra en Costa Rica / Barriers and facilitators related to leprosy detection in Costa Rica

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar barreras y facilitadores relacionados con el diagnóstico de la lepra en Costa Rica, desde la perspectiva de la persona con la enfermedad y en el contexto de la vida cotidiana. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo de carácter exploratorio a partir de 25 entrevistas semiestructuradas, a personas con lepra o con antecedente de haberla padecido, de entre 23 y 88 años, atendidos en el sistema de salud público costarricense. A partir del análisis de los datos cualitativos, las barreras y facilitadores se agruparon en factores personales, culturales y la oferta de los servicios de salud. Resultados: En relación con los factores personales, la mayoría de los participantes reportó no poseer conocimiento ni conciencia previa a la enfermedad. El temor a ser estigmatizado, la sintomatología intermitente, sentirse bien, compromisos laborales y familiares, fueron percibidos como barreras. Entre los factores culturales, algunas creencias religiosas fueron percibidas como barreras, y la historia familiar de lepra como facilitador en términos de la búsqueda de atención y diagnóstico. Con respecto a los servicios de salud, el acceso oportuno a citas con personal de salud informado, la telemedicina y médicos de la familia, fueron citados como facilitadores. Conclusiones: Las principales barreras y facilitadores descritos en los resultados del estudio deben ser tomados en cuenta a fin de contribuir a la detección y tratamiento oportuno de la lepra, para curar la enfermedad, evitar la discapacidad y eliminar la transmisión.

Abstract Objective: To analyze barriers and facilitators related to the diagnosis of leprosy in Costa Rica from the perspective of the person with the disease and in the context of everyday life. Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was carried out from 25 semi-structured interviews, with people with leprosy or with a history of having it, aged between 23 - 88 years, treated in the Costa Rican public health system. From the analysis of the qualitative data, the barriers and facilitators were classified into personal, cultural factors and the offer of health services. Results: In relation to personal factors, most of the participants reported having no knowledge or awareness prior to the disease. Fear of being stigmatized, intermittent symptoms, feeling good, work and family commitments were perceived as barriers. Among the cultural factors, some religious beliefs were perceived as barriers and the family history of leprosy as a facilitator in terms of seeking care and diagnosis. With respect to health services, timely access to appointments with informed health personnel, telemedicine and family doctors were cited as facilitators. Conclusions: The main barriers and facilitators described in the results of the study should be considered in order to contribute to the detection and timely treatment of leprosy to cure the disease avoid disability and eliminate transmission.

Late diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and associated factors / Diagnóstico tardio de infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e fatores associados / Diagnóstico tardío de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y factores asociados

Objective: to analyze the occurrence of late diagnosis of infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and its associated factors. Method: this is an epidemiological, cross-sectional and analytical study, carried out with 369 people followed-up by Specialized Assistance Services, undergoing anti-retroviral treatment, and interviewed by means of a questionnaire. Univariate analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and Kruskall-Wallis test, and multivariate analysis using the ordinal logistic regression model of proportional odds. Results: the occurrence of 59.1% for late diagnosis of the infection was observed; the probability of later diagnosis is greater among people who have a steady partnership, when compared to those who do not; with increasing age, particularly above 35 years old; among those with lower schooling; for those who seek the health services to have an HIV test when they feel sick; and for those who test HIV less often or never do it after sex without a condom with a steady partner. Conclusion: the knowledge on the high proportion of late diagnosis and its associated factors verified in this study make the planning and implementation of new policies and strategies aimed at the timely diagnosis of the infection imperative.

Objetivo: analisar a ocorrência de diagnóstico tardio de infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e seus fatores associados. Método: trata-se de estudo epidemiológico, transversal e analítico, realizado com 369 pessoas acompanhadas por Serviços de Assistência Especializada, em tratamento antirretroviral, entrevistadas por meio de questionário. Realizou-se análise univariada, utilizando-se os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fisher e o teste de Kruskall-Wallis, e análise multivariada, pelo modelo de regressão logística ordinal de chances proporcionais. Resultados: observou-se a ocorrência de 59,1% de diagnóstico tardio da infecção; a probabilidade de diagnóstico mais tardio é maior entre pessoas que têm parceria fixa, quando comparadas aos que não têm; com o aumento da idade, particularmente, acima dos 35 anos; entre os que possuem menor escolaridade; para os que buscam os serviços de saúde para realizar o teste de HIV quando se sentem doentes; para aqueles que fazem o teste de HIV com menor frequência ou nunca o fazem após relação sexual sem preservativo com parceria fixa. Conclusão: o conhecimento da elevada proporção de diagnóstico tardio e de seus fatores associados verificados neste estudo tornam imperiosos o planejamento e a implementação de novas políticas e estratégias que visem ao diagnóstico oportuno da infecção.

Objetivo: analizar la ocurrencia del diagnóstico tardío de infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana y sus factores asociados. Método: estudio epidemiológico, transversal y analítico, realizado con 369 personas que utilizan Servicios de Asistencia Especializada, en tratamiento antirretroviral, entrevistados a través de un cuestionario. El análisis univariado se realizó por medio de la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson o la prueba exacta de Fisher y la prueba de Kruskall-Wallis, mientras que para el análisis multivariado se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística ordinal de probabilidades proporcionales. Resultados: se observó la ocurrencia de 59,1% de diagnóstico tardío de la infección; la probabilidad de un diagnóstico posterior es mayor entre las personas que tienen una pareja estable, en comparación con quienes no la tienen; con el aumento de la edad, particularmente, por encima de los 35 años; entre aquellos con índice más bajo de escolaridad; para aquellos que buscan servicios de salud para hacerse una prueba de VIH cuando se sienten enfermos; para quienes se realizan la prueba del VIH con menor frecuencia o nunca lo hacen después de tener relaciones sexuales sin condón con una pareja estable. Conclusión: el conocimiento de la alta proporción de diagnósticos tardíos y sus factores asociados verificados en este estudio hacen que la planificación e implementación de nuevas políticas y estrategias dirigidas al diagnóstico oportuno de la infección sea imperativa.

MicroRNAs: new biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets for diabetic kidney disease / MicroRNAs: novos biomarcadores e alvos terapêuticos promissores da doença renal do diabetes

Abstract Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus associated with significant morbidity and mortality regarded as a global health issue. MicroRNAs - small RNA molecules responsible for the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by degradation of messenger RNA or translational repression of protein synthesis - rank among the factors linked to the development and progression of DKD. This study aimed to offer a narrative review on investigations around the use of microRNAs in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of DKD. Various microRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of DKD, while others have a role in nephroprotection and thus serve as promising therapeutic targets for DKD. Serum and urine microRNAs levels have also been considered in the early diagnosis and monitoring of individuals with DKD, since increases in albuminuria, decreases in the glomerular filtration rate, and progression of DKD have been linked to changes in the levels of some microRNAs.

Resumo A doença renal do diabetes (DRD) é uma complicação crônica do diabetes mellitus associada à elevada morbidade e mortalidade, considerada um problema de saúde mundial. Dentre os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento e à progressão da DRD, destacam-se os microRNAs, que consistem em pequenas moléculas de RNA que regulam a expressão gênica por meio da degradação pós-transcricional do RNA mensageiro ou inibição translacional da síntese proteica. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão narrativa buscando investigar os microRNAs como auxiliares no diagnóstico, monitoramento e tratamento da DRD. Vários microRNAs estão envolvidos na patogênese da DRD, enquanto que outros têm papel nefroprotetor, consistindo assim em alvos terapêuticos promissores para o tratamento da DRD. A dosagem laboratorial dos microRNAs no soro e na urina também é muito promissora para o diagnóstico precoce e o monitoramento da DRD, já que os níveis de alguns microRNAs se alteram antes do aumento da albuminúria e da diminuição da taxa de filtração glomerular e podem ainda se alterar com a progressão da DRD.

Prostate cancer screening in low- and middle- income countries: the Mexican case / Tamizaje para cáncer de próstata en países de bajos y medianos ingresos: el caso mexicano

Abstract: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based early detection for prostate cancer is the subject of intense debate. Implementation of organized prostate cancer screening has been challenging, in part because the PSA test is so amenable to opportunistic screening. To the extent that access to cancer screening tests increases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is an urgent need to thoughtfully evaluate existing and future cancer screening strategies to ensure benefit and control costs. We used Mexico's prostate cancer screening efforts to illustrate the challenges LMICs face. We provide five considerations for policymakers for a smarter approach and implementation of PSA-based screening.

Resumen : El uso del Antígeno Prostático Específico (APE) para tamizaje para cáncer de próstata sigue siendo tema de amplio debate. La implementación de estrategias de tamiz organizado de cáncer de próstata ha sido un reto en parte porque la prueba de APE se presta para detección oportunista. A medida que aumenta el acceso a las pruebas de detección de cáncer en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos (PIBM), existe la necesidad urgente de evaluar cuidadosamente las estrategias actuales y futuras de detección oportuna de cáncer para garantizar su beneficio y controlar sus costos. Utilizamos los esfuerzos de tamizaje de cáncer de próstata de México para ilustrar los retos para PIBM. Ofrecemos cinco consideracio nes dirigidas a tomadores de decisión que permitan contar con estrategias racionales de implementación de tamizaje para cáncer de próstata basado en el uso de APE.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: perspectives for primary health care

Abstract Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a major health challenge worldwide due to its increasing incidence and mortality, which have serious repercussions for health-care systems. Methods We conducted a review of international efforts to control COPD in primary care. Results The WHO created the Alma-Ata declaration which established for the first time, access to health care as a human right. This precept led to the implementation of numerous programs including practical approach to Lung Health and variants in several countries; schemes designed to centralize medical care; and resources to improve attention of respiratory diseases by adapting approaches to the health-care needs of local populations. Primary respiratory health care should include actions for timely detection, health education, and targeted treatment, but the challenge for all health systems is to ensure that their programs function adequately, for they still show shortcomings in terms of their application. Conclusions We conclude that offering primary health care based on models that combine opportune diagnoses with suitable treatment can positively influence the course of COPD by treating early stages, thus slowing its progression. However, more extensive education and broader dissemination of information are necessary to achieve this goal.

Curitibanas não cobertas pelo rastreio do câncer de colo de útero. Quem são elas? / Curitibanas not covered by cervical cancer screening. Who are they?

Introdução: O câncer do colo do útero é o terceiro tumor mais frequente na população feminina e pode ser detectado na fase inicial de instalação por técnicas de rastreamento. Objetivo: Descrever as características sociodemográficas, econômicas e comportamentais de mulheres não cobertas pelo rastreio do câncer do colo de útero residentes na cidade de Curitiba, Brasil. Casuística e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de dados secundários do Ministério da Saúde obtidos pelo Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis por Entrevista Telefônica para os anos de 2013 e 2014. Resultados: Participaram 2.164 mulheres adultas. Resultou em 10,2% (IC95%: 7,3 ­ 13,1) de mulheres não cobertas por exame preventivo do câncer do colo do útero; 4,6 pontos percentuais abaixo da média nacional (14,6%; IC95%: 11,8 ­ 17,1). A não cobertura foi maior nas mulheres com mais de 64 anos de idade (46,2%; IC95%: 39,7 ­ 52,2) e com menos de 25 anos (18,7%: IC95%: 15,2 ­ 21,1), sendo que 35% tinham idade que as incluíam na população de risco. A falta de cobertura do rastreio foi maior em mulheres com baixa escolaridade (43,2%; IC95%: 40,5 ­ 46,0); 76,6% delas não conviviam com companheiros e 8% percebiam negativamente o seu estado de saúde; 46,6% (IC95%; 43,1 ­ 48,7) não realizaram mamografia; 6,3% (IC95%: 5,2 ­ 7,3) eram fumantes; 3,4% (IC95%: 2,5 ­ 4,2) consumidoras abusivas de álcool; 38% (IC95%: 35,4 ­ 39,8) eram inativas no lazer e 33% (IC95%: 30,6 ­ 36,1) eram hipertensas. Conclusão: O não engajamento no rastreio do câncer do colo do útero foi maior nas classes sociais com menor poder econômico, sugerindo a necessidade de maior destinação de recursos financeiros e humanos para a população mais vulnerável no anseio de ampliar a cobertura do programa de rastreio, sem prejuízo às demais camadas da população.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the third most frequent tumor in the female population and can be detected early in the installation by screening techniques. Objective: To describe the sociodemographic, economic and behavioral characteristics of the women not covered by cervical cancer screening in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Patients and Methods: This is a transverse study of secondary data obtained by the Surveillance System of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases not Communicable by Telephone Interview for the years of 2013 and 2014 from the Ministry of Health. Results: There were 2,164 adult women participating. It resulted in 10.2% (95% CI: 7.3 - 13.1) of women not covered by a cervical cancer preventive exam; 4.6 percentage points lower than the national average (14.6%, 95% CI: 11.8 - 17.1). Non-coverage was higher in women older than 64 years (46.2%; 95% CI: 39.7 - 52.2) and younger than 25 years old (18.7%: 95% CI: 15.2- 21.1), 35% of whom were included in the at-risk populationdue to their age. The lack of screening coverage was higherin women with low schooling (43.2%; 95% CI: 40.5 - 46.0);76.6% of them do not live with their companions and 8%negatively perceived their health status; 46.6% (95% CI: 43.1- 48.7) did not undergo mammography; 6.3% (95% CI: 5.2- 7.3) were smokers; 3.4% (95% CI: 2.5-4.2) were abusivealcohol consumers; 38% (95% CI: 35.4 - 39.8) were inactive atleisure and 33% (95% CI: 30.6 - 36.1) had high blood pressure.Conclusion: Non-engagement in the cervical cancer screeningis greater among the lower social classes, suggestingthe needfor a greater allocation of financial and human resources tothe more vulnerable populations to expand the coverage of thecervical cancer screening program, without prejudice to theother layers of the population.

Chronic kidney disease: susceptibility in a representative population-based sample / Doença renal crônica: suscetibilidade em uma amostra representativa de base populacional

ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease has high morbidity and mortality. In order to track the disease, we conducted a population-based study in a medium-sized city in Southeastern Brazil. Based on instrument SCreening for Occult REnal Disease (SCORED), we evaluated 1,016 individuals with mean age of 44 (SD = 13.2) years. High blood pressure and diabetes mellitus, major causes of chronic kidney disease, were reported by 34.7% and 10.5% of the individuals, respectively. In addition, 31.3% of the sample presented increased risk for the disease, thus leading to a prevalence estimate of 5.4%. A simple screening method allowed the early detection of a population at risk for chronic kidney disease.

RESUMO A doença renal crônica apresenta elevada morbimortalidade. Com o objetivo de rastrear a doença, realizou-se estudo de base populacional em cidade de porte médio do sudeste brasileiro. Com base no instrumento SCreening for Occult REnal Disease (SCORED) foram avaliados 1.016 indivíduos com média de idade 44 (DP = 13,2) anos. Hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus, principais causas de doença renal crônica, foram relatados por 34,7% e 10,5%, respectivamente. Além disso, 31,3% da amostra apresentou risco aumentado para a doença, levando a uma estimativa de prevalência de 5,4%. Um método simples para rastreio permitiu a detecção precoce de população de risco para doença renal crônica.

The importance of risk factors for the prediction of patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Summary Objective: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a major challenge in the management of immunocompromised patients. Despite all the advances in diagnosis, it remains a problem. The purpose of our study was to investigate the risk factors associated with IPA seen in patients with hematological malignancies. Method: A total of 152 febrile neutropenia (FEN) patients with hematological malignancies aged over 18 years and receiving high-dose chemotherapy or stem cell transplant between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012 were included in the study. Sixty-five (65) cases with IPA according to the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group criteria were enrolled as the case group, while 87 patients without IPA development during concomitant monitoring were enrolled as the control group. Incidence of IPA was 21.4% (3/14) in patients receiving bone marrow transplant (allogeneic 2, autologous 1) and those cases were also added into the case group. The two groups were compared in terms of demographic, clinical and laboratory findings and risk factors associated with IPA investigated retrospectively. Results: Presence of relapse of primary disease, neutropenia for more than 3 weeks, presence of bacterial infection, and non-administration of antifungal prophylaxis were identified as risk factors associated with IPA. Conclusion: It may be possible to reduce the incidence of the disease by eliminating preventable risk factors. Predicting those risks would, per se, enable early diagnosis and treatment and, thus, the mortality rate of these patients would unquestionably decline.

Oral Cancer Screening in Elderly in Sao Paulo State, Brazil (2001 to 2009)

Objective: To describe and explore analytically the trends of oral cancer positive cases incidence during nine-year screenings campaign of Sao Paulo´s State (Brazil) and to show other countries and health services an option for tracking at-risk population. Material and Methods: Secondary official data were tabulated and analysed using the Excel and STATA statistical 10.0 software packages. After descriptive statistics, the trend curves were calculated by moving average for each variable (type moving average of two samples centred) to attenuate the random variability of the series, and trends classified: stable, ascending and descending. Results: The trend of municipalities numbers remained stable; the number of examined people, the screening coverage and the absolute number of patients referred to secondary health care showed an increasing trend; and the percentage of suspected cases showed a decreasing trend during the nineyear period. A decrease in the number of suspicious lesions and confirmed cases of oral cancer among the volunteers was observed, and the reorganization of secondary and tertiary levels of oral care helped to modify these numbers. Conclusion: We believe this experience was more important to help health services organization than for the oral cancer diagnosis itself, and it might be used to inspire other countries and oral health services.

Prostate cancer in Brazil and Latin America: epidemiology and screening

ABSTRACT Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the tumors with higher incidence and mortality among men in the World. Epidemiological data are influenced by life expectancy of population, available diagnostic methods, correct collection of data and quality of health services. Screening of the disease is not standardized around the World. Up till now there is no consensus about the risks versus benefits of early detection. There are still missing data about this pathology in Latin America. Objective: to revise current epidemiologic situation and early diagnosis policies of prostate cancer in Brazil and Latin America. Materials and Methods: Medline, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases were reviewed on the subject of epidemiology and screening of prostate cancer. Screening research was performed in websites on national public health organizations and Latin America. Screening recommendations were obtained from those governmental organizations and from Latin American urological societies and compared to the most prominent regulatory agencies and societies of specialists and generalists from around the World. Results: Brazil and Latin America have a special position in relation to incidence and mortality of prostate cancer. In Brazil, it occupies the first position regarding incidence of cancer in men and the second cause of mortality. Central America has the highest rate of mortality of the continent with lower incidence/mortality ratios. Screening recommendations are very distinct, mainly among regulatory organs and urological societies. Conclusion: prostate cancer epidemiology is an important health public topic. Data collection related to incidence and mortality is still precarious, especially in less developed countries. It is necessary to follow-up long term screening studies results in order to conclude its benefits.

Predictores clínicos y funcionales del riesgo de cáncer pulmonar en el seguimiento de una cohorte de adultos fumadores / Risk factors for the development of lung cancer in a cohort of adult smokers

Background: Identifying risk factors for lung cancer in the population could improve the cost-effectiveness of early detection programs using thoracic computed tomography (CT). Aim: To examine the risk factors of lung cancer in a cohort of adult smokers. Patients and Methods: An annual clinical and respiratory functional assessment, chest computed tomography for three years and clinical follow up for five years was carried out in 270 patients aged 65 ± 9 years, 55% males, active or former smokers of 10 or more pack-years. Results: Thirty seven percent of patients were active smokers, consuming 37 ± 26 packs/year, 85% had comorbidities, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (66%), hypertension (48%), diabetes (22%) and dyslipidemia (42%). Thirteen percent of patients had family history of lung cancer. Twenty-one cases of lung cancer were detected in the five years follow up, especially squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. In the univariate analysis, the main risk factors for lung cancer identified were an age older than 60 years, history of COPD, family history of lung cancer, active smoking, tobacco consumption more than 30 pack/year and lung hyperinflation. In multivariate analysis, the three independent risk factors for lung cancer were a family history of lung cancer, active smoking and the number of packs per year of tobacco consumption. Conclusions: The identification of risk groups probably will improve the performance of programs for early detection of lung cancer.

Estadio clínico del cáncer de mama y nivel socioeconómico en el partido de General Pueyrredón, Argentina, 2013 / Clinical stage of breast cancer and socioeconomic status in General Pueyrredón, Argentina,2013

INTRODUCCIÓN: el acceso a los servicios de salud y laarticulación entre diagnóstico y tratamiento pueden explicar diferenciasen la supervivencia por cáncer de mama (CM) en las regionescon bajos indicadores socioeconómicos. OBJETIVOS: Identificardiferencias clínico-epidemiológicas al diagnóstico de CM según sectorde atención de la salud (público o privado) en el Partido de GeneralPueyrredón (PGP), Buenos Aires, durante 2013. MÉTODOS: Serealizó un estudio transversal de casos incidentes de CM infiltrante enmujeres residentes en PGP. Las variables fueron: sector de atención,estadio clínico y edad. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística:estadio (variable dependiente) agrupado como avanzado/tempranoy sector de atención público/privado (variable independiente), concontrol por edad. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 413 casos: 11,4% delsector público (SPb) y 88,6% del privado (SPr). El 63% se diagnosticóen estadios tempranos. En el SPb se observó 4,4 (OR) veces másriesgo de estadio avanzado (p=0,001) y menor promedio de edadque en el SPr (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: El mayor riesgo de estadioavanzado en el SPb podría relacionarse con múltiples causas (entreellas, obstáculos al diagnóstico precoz y factores conductuales). Lamenor edad observada en el SPb podría deberse, en parte, al menorporcentaje de mujeres mayores y al subdiagnóstico. Este trabajo aportavaliosa información de base poblacional para conocer desigualdadessociales que influyen en la atención del CM.

INTRODUCTION: differences in survival of women withbreast cancer (BC) in regions with bad socioeconomic (SE) indicatorsmay be explained through the access to health services andthe coordination between diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVES:To identify epidemiological and clinical differences for BC diagnosisaccording to public (PU) or private (PR) health care sector in GeneralPueyrredón (PGP), Buenos Aires, during 2013. METHODS: Across-sectional study was performed, focusing on invasive BC casesdiagnosed in 2013 in women living in PGP. The variables were: healthcare sector, clinical stage and age at diagnosis. A logistic regressionmodel was adjusted with stage at diagnosis as dependent variable(grouped as early and advanced) and PU or PR health care sectoras independent variable, controlling by age. RESULTS: A total of 413cases were identified: 11.4% PU and 88.6% PR. Of them, 63% werediagnosed in early stages. The PU sector showed a risk of advancedstage 4.4 (OR) times higher (p=0.001) and lower average agethan the PR sector (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk ofadvanced stage in PU sector could be related to multiple causesincluding barriers to early diagnosis and behavioral factors. Thelower average age in PU sector women could be partly attributed tothe lower percentage of old women and to under-diagnosis in thisgroup. This study provides valuable population-based informationto understand social inequalities that affect the attention of BC.

Signs and symptoms of developmental abnormalities of the genitourinary tract / Sinais e sintomas das anormalidades do desenvolvimento do trato geniturinário

Abstract Objective: The abnormalities of the genitourinary tract development are the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. The diagnosis of this disease in Brazil is late and incomplete, which results in increased morbidity and mortality in this age group. Early diagnosis of this condition is the prerogative of generalist pediatricians, and the aim of this study was to review the clinical signs and symptoms associated with developmental abnormalities of the genitourinary tract. Data sources: Based on the description of a symbolic clinical case, the authors conducted a non-systematic review of medical literature. Data synthesis: The results suggest that the following data should be used as a warning for early diagnosis of affected children: (a) combined urinary tract abnormalities (chromosomal abnormalities; sequence of malformations [VACTERLand Prune-Belly]; and musculoskeletal, digestive tract, heart, and nervous system malformations); (b) previous history (congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract [CAKUT] in the family, low birth weight, and oligoamnios); (c) clinical signs (polyuria/nocturia, urinary tract infection, systemic arterial hypertension, failure to thrive, weak urinary stream, difficulty to start urination, distended bladder, non-monosymptomatic enuresis, urinary/urge incontinence, and bowel and bladder dysfunction); and (d) pre- and postnatal ultrasonographic alterations (increased anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis, mainly in the third trimester of pregnancy; single kidney; hydronephrosis associated with other abnormalities; and hydronephrosis with parenchymal involvement in the post-neonatal assessment). Conclusion: The suggestions shown here can help the pediatrician to establish clinical hypotheses for the early diagnosis of developmental abnormalities of the genitourinary tract without resorting to expensive and invasive procedures.

Resumo Objetivo: As anormalidades do desenvolvimento do trato geniturinário são a principal causa de doença renal crônica (DRC) em crianças. O diagnóstico dessa doença no Brasil é formulado de maneira incompleta e tardia, o que resulta em aumento na morbimortalidade nessa faixa etária. O diagnóstico precoce dessa condição é prerrogativa dos pediatras generalistas e o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar os sinais e sintomas clínicos associados às anormalidades do desenvolvimento do trato geniturinário. Fontes dos dados: A partir da descrição de um caso clínico simbólico, fizemos uma revisão não sistemática da literatura médica. Síntese dos dados: Os resultados sugerem que os seguintes dados devem ser usados como alerta para o diagnóstico precoce das crianças acometidas: a) anomalias do trato urinário compostas (anomalias cromossômicas, sequências de malformações – Vacterl e Prune-Belly, malformações musculoesqueléticas, do trato digestivo, cardíacas e do sistema nervoso); b) antecedentes (anomalias congênitas do rim e trato urinário (CAKUT) na família, baixo peso ao nascer e oligoâmnio); c) sinais clínicos (polaciúria/noctúria, infecção urinária, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, baixo ganho de peso, jato urinário fraco, dificuldade para iniciar a micção, bexigoma, enurese não monossintomática, urge/incontinência urinária, disfunção do intestino e da bexiga) e d) alterações ultrassonográficas ante e pós-natais (diâmetro anteroposterior da pélvis renal aumentado principalmente no terceiro trimestre da gestação, rim único, hidronefrose associada a outras anomalias e hidronefrose com comprometimento de parênquima na avaliação pós-neonatal). Conclusão: As sugestões apresentadas podem ajudar o pediatra a estabelecer hipóteses clínicas para o diagnóstico precoce das anormalidades do desenvolvimento do trato geniturinário sem metodologias caras e invasivas.

Treatment success of laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity in referred and non-referred patients / O sucesso do tratamento com terapia a laser para retinopatia da prematuridade em pacientes encaminhados e não encaminhados

ABSTRACT Purpose: Comparison of laser therapy (LT) outcomes in patients with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) followed up in our clinic and referred from other centers. Methods: Medical records of 1,856 ROP patients were retrospectively evaluated, and a total of 128 patients who underwent LT were included in the study. The study population was divided into the following two groups: patients who were followed up and treated in our clinic (group 1, N=45) and patients who were referred to our clinic from other centers (group 2, N=83). Data regarding birth weight, sex, gestational age, postnatal treatment time, disease localization, and stage were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Treatment success was defined by anatomic success 6 months after treatment. Results: Patients in the referred group presented with a more advanced disease (p<0.01), a lower treatment success rate (p=0.01), and a longer time interval between diagnosis and LT (p=0.04). Conclusions: The treatment success rate of ROP was significantly lower in referred patients because of the potential delay in LT and more advanced disease at the time of treatment initiation.

RESUMO Objetivos: A comparação dos resultados da terapia a laser (LT) em pacientes com retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) acompanhados em nossa clínica e encaminhados por outras clínicas. Método: Os arquivos de 1.856 pacientes com ROP foram analisados retrospectivamente e um total de 128 pacientes submetidos à LT foram incluídos no estudo. A população do estudo foi dividida em dois grupos; os pacientes que foram acompanhados e tratados em nossa clínica (grupo 1, n=45) e os pacientes que foram encaminhados à nossa clínica por outros centros (grupo 2, n=83). Os dados referentes a peso de nascimento, sexo, idade gestacional, tempo de tratamento pós-natal, localização e fase da doença foram analisados e comparados entre os grupos. O sucesso do tratamento foi definido pelo sucesso anatômico no sexto mês após o tratamento. Resultados: Pacientes no grupo de pacientes encaminhados apresentaram doença mais avançada (p<0,01), taxa de sucesso inferior (p=0,01) e maior intervalo de tempo entre o diagnóstico e tratamento a laser (p=0,04). Conclusões: A taxa de sucesso do tratamento da ROP é significativamente menor em pacientes encaminhados por causa de possível atraso da LT e do estágio mais avançado da doença observado.

Proposals for the prevention of lung cancer in the health system of Mexico / Propuestas para la prevención de cáncer de pulmón en el sistema de salud en México

Abstract The management of lung cancer is challenging. However, nowadays the main goal is to achieve a significant overall survival accompanied by a good quality of life. Because smoking is associated with up to 71% of cancer deaths, the first policy that should be established is one that promotes strategies for healthy lifestyles by providing information about lung cancer, risk factors, protection factors, and precautionary data. Furthermore, an effective screening method that would allow early diagnosis should be established. Following diagnosis, the patient should be genotyped to identify predisposing mutations to give personalized medicine to the patient. The health system policies should include information that affects the health of the population and simultaneously allows for early diagnoses, resulting in a higher survival rate.

Resumen El manejo del cáncer de pulmón es un reto que tiene como objetivo una supervivencia global significativa que se vea rodeada de una buena calidad de vida. Si se considera que el tabaquismo está asociado hasta con 71% de las muertes por cáncer, la primera política que debe establecerse es la de proporcionar información sobre el cáncer de pulmón, factores de riesgo, factores de protección y datos de alarma mediante una estrategia de salud de línea de vida, además del establecimiento de un método de tamizaje efectivo que permita un diagnóstico temprano. Después del diagnóstico, debe realizarse una genotipificación para identificar mutaciones sensibles y para proporcionar un tratamiento personalizado al paciente. Las políticas del sistema de salud deben incluir información para que la población incida en su salud y también se puedan realizar diagnósticos tempranos que permitan una mayor supervivencia.

Detección precoz de cáncer pulmonar con tomografía computarizada de tórax en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica tabáquica / Early detection of lung cancer using computed tomography among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Chest computed tomography (CT) scan may improve lung cancer detection at early stages in high risk populations. Aim: To assess the diagnostic performance of chest CT in early lung cancer detection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients and Methods: One hundred sixty one patients aged 50 to 80 years, active or former smokers of 15 or more pack-years and with COPD were enrolled. They underwent annual respiratory functional assessment and chest computed tomography for three years and were followed for five years. Results: Chest CT allowed the detection of lung cancer in nine patients (diagnostic yield: 5.6%). Three cases were detected in the initial CT and six cases in follow-up scans. Most patients were in early stages of the disease (6 stage Ia and 1 stage Ib). Two patients were diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease and died due to complications of cancer. Two thirds of patients had nonspecific pulmonary nodules on the initial chest CT scan (100 patients, 62%). Seventy four percent had less than three nodules and were of less than 5 mm of diameter in 57%. In 92% of cases, these were false positive findings. In the follow-up chest CT, lung nodules were detected in two thirds of patients and 94% of cases corresponded to false positive findings. Conclusions: Chest CT scans may detect lung cancer at earlier stages in COPD patients.